Plumbeous Sierra-finch (Phrygilus unicolor) - HBW 16, p. 608

Taxonomy: Emberiza unicolor d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, Cordillera de Tacora, Tacna, Peru.
Molecular-genetic studies indicate that genus belongs in tanager family (Thraupidae). Recent molecular data suggest a sister relationship between this species and P. plebejus, but distant relationship to other members of genus. Further, the two appear to be part of a clade that includes also Haplospiza and Catamenia (relationship with Haplospiza suggested by early authors on basis of similarities in plumage, as well as structure). Present species and P. plebejus should probably be placed together in separate genus, and Geospizopsis can be resurrected for them. Geographical variation complex. Races fall into three main groups, differing primarily in plumage tones: N group (nivarius and geospizopsis), males of which generally paler, females darker, boldly streaked and with strong buff wash below; single-species C group (inca), male with darkest plumage, female grey and male-like; and S group (tucumanus, nominate, cyaneus and ultimus), males intermediate in plumage, females duller brown and more obscurely streaked than N females. Proposed race grandis (described from Páramo de Santa Isabel, in C Andes of Colombia) supposedly larger than geospizopsis, but much overlap in measurements; treated as a synonym of latter. Seven subspecies recognized.